Mental model

A compact, transferable way of thinking, a lens for decisions.

Latticework

Munger: a small set of strong models from many fields, used together.

Inversion

Solving by avoiding failure modes instead of chasing success.

Opportunity cost

Next-best alternative forgone.

Sunk cost

Money/time already spent and unrecoverable.

Steelman

Strongest possible version of an opposing argument.

Antifragile

Improves under disorder, beyond just robust.

Second-order effect

Consequence of the consequence.