World & Knowledge
Famous Scientific Laws
The rules of reality, in plain words
Novice
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Novice
World & Knowledge
The rules of reality, in plain words
Novice
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The rules that govern living systems and how we measure noisy data. Evolution, genetics, and the laws of large numbers behind every honest study.
Bayes theorem
A rule for updating your belief in a hypothesis when new evidence arrives, by combining prior probability with how well the hypothesis predicts that evidence.
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Power law distributions
A distribution where a small number of items account for most of the total, and frequency falls off as a power of size.
Open
Central limit theorem
The sum or mean of a large number of independent random variables with finite variance tends to a normal distribution, regardless of the underlying distribution.
Open
Force
Push or pull that changes motion.
Energy
Capacity to do work; conserved across transformations.
Entropy
Measure of disorder / number of microstates consistent with a macrostate.
Spacetime
The 4D fabric in which all events occur.
Electromagnetic wave
Self-propagating oscillation of electric and magnetic fields, including light.
Natural selection
Mechanism of adaptation via heritable variation + differential survival.
Conservation law
Statement that some quantity (energy, momentum, charge) is preserved across transformations.
Quantum
Discrete unit; the framework where particles behave probabilistically at small scales.
Power law
Relationship where one quantity varies as a power of another, producing heavy tails.
Bayes' theorem
Rule for updating probability of a hypothesis given new evidence.
Pareto principle
Roughly 80 percent of effects come from 20 percent of causes.